Diagnosis.
H&P
Risk Factors:
DDx and Causes. Look for systemic causes like liver, heart, and kidney failure.
Diagnostic studies:
-Echocardiography – to r/o HF and evaluate for pulmonary hypertension.
-Polysomnography if OSA is suspected.
-Duplex U/S if skin changes such as hemosiderin deposits or venous ulcerations are present; Evaluate for Chronic venous insufficiency.
Other tests to think of if indicated: D-dimer, Ankle-brachial-index (ABI)
Treatment
[content to come]
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lymphoscintigraphy may help with suspected lymphedema, even though the diagnosis is clinical.
Further Reading / Reference
Am Fam Physician 2013;88(2):102-110. Edema: Diagnosis and management.