Metabolic Acidosis

ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES, Hospital A/P, Adults, Hospital A/P, Peds

Definition and Pathogenesis of Metabolic Acidosis Definition — Metabolic acidosis is defined as an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the body and reduction the HCO3 concentration. Look at the simplified pH equation above. The pH represents the...

Compensation for Acid-Base Disorders (Equations, etc)

ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES

If the compensation is less or greater than expected (or predicted by the equation), a second acid-base disorder will be present in addition to the primary disorder. Such a situation is called a mixed disorder. For example: -If PaCO2 is too low, there is an additional...

Causes of AKI and diagnostic tests

NEPHROLOGY

Selected causes of AKI requiring immediate diagnosis and specific therapies Recommended diagnostic tests Decreased kidney perfusion Volume status and urinary diagnostic indices Acute glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy...

Treatment of Severe Symptomatic Hyponatremia

NEPHROLOGY

If sodium is < 125 mEq per L and the patient has severe symptoms (e.g. AMS, seizures, etc), then you should treat with 3 % saline. AAFP Algorithm for treating Severe Hyponatremia. Reference article: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0301/p299.html

The Anion Gap(AG) and AG corrected for Albumin

ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES

Anion Gap Formula Measured cations + unmeasured cations = Measured anions + unmeasured anions. Na+ + unmeasured cations = (Cl- + HCO3-) + unmeasured anions. Anion gap (AG) = Na+ – (Cl- + HCO3-) = unmeasured anions – unmeasured cations. The AG measures...

Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

NEPHROLOGY

Patients with a GFR below 60 mL (i.e. meet the definition of CKD) should be monitored for these complications of CKD: Hyperkalemia Hyperphosphatemia, Hypocalcemia (secondary hyperparathyroidism) Hyponatremia, Acidosis Hypoalbuminemia Decreased immunoglobulins...