Primary insomnia (psychophysiological)
Depression
Anxiety
Post-traumatic stress
Substance abuse/use, e.g. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, steroids, alcohol, others)
Poor sleep hygiene
Obstructive sleep apnea
Gastroesophageal reflux
Medication-related insomnia (see below)
Chronic lung disease e.g. COPD, Asthma
Cardiovascular disease: Heart failure, Ischemic heart disease, Nocturnal angina, Hypertension
Menopause
Nocturia e.g. from diuretics, BPH, diabetes, incontinence, heart failure
Hyperthyroidism
Environment: Environmental noise, temperature; Jetlag
Chronic pain
Headache syndromes (migraine, cluster, hypnic headache, and exploding head syndromes)
Delirium
Restless legs syndrome, Periodic limb movement disorder
Cerebral hemispheric and brainstem strokes
Autoimmune: Arthritis, Fibromyalgia, Chronic pain
Dermatologic (eg, pruritus)
Medications associated with insomnia are as follows:
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CNS stimulants (dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate)
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Decongestants (phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine)
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Antihypertensives (alpha blockers, beta blockers)
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Bronchodilators (albuterol, theophylline)
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Hormones (corticosteroids, thyroid medications)
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Antiepileptic drugs (lamotrigine)