- A compromised immune system (eg, HIV-infected patients, solid organ or hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, neutropenic hosts, and those on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents such as TNF-alfa inhibitors)
- Recent antibiotic use in the last 3 months.
- Recent hospitalization,
- Recent Intubation, / Mechanical ventilation
- Recent enteral tube feeding
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- Structural lung abnormalities such as cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis
- Repeated exacerbations of COPD requiring frequent glucocorticoid and/or antibiotic use. In patients with chronic lung disease who are taking corticosteroids, Pseudomonas is more common than in those with otherwise healthy lungs. Empiric abx should cover pseudomonas.
- Hospital-acquired PNA is commonly caused by Pseudomonas
- History of P. aeruginosa infection or colonization within the previous year,
- Length of hospital stay,
- being bedridden or in the ICU,
- malignant disease,
- Long-term-care facilities (LTCF) and age > 86 years,
- indwelling devices,
- physical disability
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