P Wave Morphology

P waves from the same focus look the same in a given lead ( i.e. when looked at in the same lead). If P waves have different shapes in the same exact lead, they are certainly coming from different foci. The same lead is like one camera positioned at a specific angle,...

Pacemaker cells within the Cardiac Conducting System

The heart is designed in such a way that it has backup pacemakers so that if the SA node fails to pace a normal heart, other cells will take over. There is a chain of command in place with a specific order along the cardiac conducting system of who will take over...

Atrial Fibrillation on the ECG

What determines heart rate during a-fib? The AV node does. The AV node is the gateway to the ventricles and slows down the rapid atrial rate of atrial fibrillation. It determines how fast the heart goes in a-fib.