Clinical features associated with hyperandrogenism

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Acne, especially over the face, neck, back and chest.
Degree, pattern and severity of hirsutism.
Acanthosis nigricans (velvety skin hyperpigmentation), associated with insulin resistance.
Deepened voice.
Male pattern balding.
Breast atrophy.
...

Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for heart disease

CARDIOLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY

“Low thyroid hormone levels should be interpreted as a cardiovascular risk factor” (von Hafe M, 2019). “Thyroid hormones modulate every component of the cardiovascular system necessary for normal cardiovascular development and function. When...

The Difference Between Adrenal Insufficiency and Adrenal Crisis

ENDOCRINOLOGY

“Adrenal crisis is an acute life-threatening condition precipitated by an internal or external process in the setting of known or unknown adrenal insufficiency and corticosteroid deficiency. It is important to note that there is a difference between adrenal...

Injectable Diabetes Medications

ENDOCRINOLOGY

There are 3 classes of injectable diabetes medications. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists E.g.  Exenatide (Byetta), Liraglutide (Victoza), Dulaglutide (Trulicity). Amylin Analogue Pramlintide (Symlin). Insulins Rapid-acting insulin, regular insulin, long-acting insulin.  ...

Falsely Lowered A1C and Falsely Elevated A1C

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Falsely Elevated A1C “Any condition that prolongs the life of the erythrocyte or is associated with decreased red cell turnover exposes the cell to glucose for a longer period of time, resulting in higher A1c levels. Iron deficiency anemia is a commonly reported...

Patient with Adrenal Crisis

ENDOCRINOLOGY

I had a patient with known Addison’s who had been on steroids for almost 40 years since his Addison’s disease was diagnosed. He came in with pyelonephritis and the admitting physician didn’t start the stress dose steroids. When we saw the patient the...